A View of the Political Power of the Weimar Republic during the Golden Age

A View of the Political Power of the Weimar Republic during the Golden Age â€Å"The Weimar Republic appreciated a brilliant time of political strength in the years 1924-28† At the point when the peace negotiation was marked by Germany in 1918, Germany was in a total mess. A maritime insurrection broke out in Kiel, and Germany was dove into a transformation. A few gatherings mixed for control of Germany. In the end, the Weimar Republic was shaped, it guaranteed a popularity based republic with equivalent rights to every one of its residents. Nonetheless, to state the republic quieted strains and gave political dependability post-1918 would be a long way from exact. Hyper-swelling and the unforgiving terms of the bargain of Versailles prompted expanding hatred towards the recently discovered republic from the German open up to the emergency year of 1923. In any case, students of history have contended that somewhere in the range of 1924 and 1928, Germany encountered a time of political security, this is for the most part ascribed to Stresemann’s tending to of the hyper-swelling emergency by presenting the Rentenmark, just as American advances and v enture from the Dawes plan helping the German economy in recouping. Anyway pundits have contended that there is nothing of the sort as the â€Å"golden age† and that the Weimar Republic was still in a condition of emergency. A few history specialists contend that it is difficult to portray the period in Germany from 1924-1928 as a â€Å"golden time of political dependability â€Å"because there was no steady Government during this period. Over this period there were 9 progressive governments over the course of about 4 years, every one of them being alliance governments. The incessant change in initiative implied there was no an ideal opportunity for any important effect on occur as the following Government would scrap what the past Government had been arranging. Moreover, a portion of the Governments during the period were minority Governments, prompting cases were Governments couldn't pass enactment because of different gatherings gathering to keep it from passing. The absence of solid government during the period featured the shortcoming of German majority rule government and prompted the German open getting disappointed with the foundation. Notwithstanding, taking a gander at the period pre-1924, and contrast it with the years 1924-28, unmistakably following 1924, there was a time of developing dependability. Up to 1923, swelling was expanding at an exponential rate with the Government printing increasingly more cash so as to pay of the mind-boggling obligations they held after the bargain of Versailles. The consistent printing of cash prompted the Deutschmark turning out to be so useless numerous German’s decided on a crude trade economy. Hyper-expansion was just aggravated by the French-Belgium intrusion of the Ruhr. German specialists in the Ruhr protested meaning reparations weren’t being paid; this prompted a joint power of France and Belgium involving the Ruhr. The German government at the time settled on an approach of inactive opposition; they paid the German specialists to remain protesting, however didn't effectively go up against the involving powers. The impact of uninvolved opposition was that it prompted considerably more cash being paid out then the yearly reparation installments cost them, which thusly exacerbated the hyper-swelling emergencies When Stresemann became chancellor in 1923 he set up another money, the Rentenmark which balanced out the economy and successfully finished the hyper-expansion emergency. Thusly, the emergency time frame up to 1923 is in extraordinary period with the moderately more settled progressively prosperous years from 1924-28. During this â€Å"golden age† genuine wages for Industrial laborers expanded and there was a feeling of freshly discovered flourishing, an incredible inverse of the years paving the way to the brilliant age. Then again, a few antiquarians would contend that the purported financial flourishing of the â€Å"Golden age† wasn’t as prosperous as it is portrayed. Stresemann says in a discourse in the blink of an eye before his passing â€Å"the monetary position is just thriving on the surface,† while the economy developed from 1924-1927 it contracted in 1928; joblessness was a consistent issue, by March 1926 joblessness was at 3 million, this and the divider road crash which happened soon after the brilliant age show that while the economy appeared to have recuperated, in all actuality the establishments it was based on were perilous in the first place. All in all, I would contend that while the Weimar Republic had all the earmarks of being all the more politically steady, the truth was that the brief flourishing was uniquely because of American speculation, and when the divider road crash happened, Germany couldn't depend on the USA, prompting a financial calamity. Consequently the Weimar Republic delighted in a misguided feeling of political strength, however no genuine steadiness was available.

The American Civil War Essay Example Essay Example

The American Civil War Essay Example Paper The American Civil War Essay Introduction The American Civil War is a subject which numerous artists have tended to in refrain. What isolates Lowell’s ‘For The Union Dead’ from the scores of other Civil War sonnets isn't just the complex interlacing of period and contemporary occasions so as to make a social discourse on change, which give the sonnet a solid advanced reverberation, yet in addition the exact and polysemic lexis Lowell utilizes so as to connect distinctive timeframes.In 1964, four years after he initially read ‘For The Union Dead’ openly, Lowell expressed in a letter: â€Å"In my sonnet For The Union Dead, I regret the loss of the old Abolitionist soul; the horrible foul play, in the over a wide span of time, of the American treatment of the Negro is the best direness to me as a man and a writer.†. By depicting the â€Å"loss† of such a soul, Lowell likewise uncovers what has supplanted it in current Boston; an indecent obsession with commercialization. His juxtap osition of the unselfish and gallant penance of Colonel Shaw and his all-dark 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry against the ethical decay of current Boston, of a rose-colored past against a tragic present, is a persistent subject in the sonnet. He depicts the bronze landmark commending their valor as â€Å"(sticking) like a fishbone in the city’s throat†, proceeding to express that the Colonel â€Å"is outside the field of play now†; in the two examples, Lowell implies the way that the praiseworthy qualities which the Colonel and his men represented are overlooked by present day society, that human instinct has deteriorated into rough materialism.This degeneration is demonstrated further by Lowell’s scornful portrayal of the structure of a carport underneath the Boston Common, which is possessed by the individuals of Boston as opposed to the city itself. The development of the carport during the 60s was dependent upon energetic and at last fruitless d issent, as it was viewed as an encroachment of the people’s rights. The topic of improper industrialism repeats in this contemptuous portrayal: â€Å"Parking spaces thrive like urban sandpiles in the core of Boston.† Lowell sees his city decreased to a toy for uncorrupt designers who have no idea for culture or legacy. One more case of this bold industrialism is the reference to the Mosler Safe, which is promoted and celebrated because of WWII. This is compared against the commemoration, recklessly â€Å"propped by a board splint†. This subject isn't just appropriate to Boston, however all around pertinent; without a doubt, with the regularly expanding accentuation on material riches in present day life, the sonnet may have much more noteworthy pertinence today. Through the general appropriateness of its subjects, at that point, Lowell’s sonnet exhibits the â€Å"qualities of durability† which permits scholarly attempts to be broadly esteemed as â €Å"valuable†.In option to this huge scope chronicled juxtaposition, there is an individual juxtaposition between the kid Lowell and the grown-up Lowell, adding another layer of intricacy to the sonnet as the genuine and passionate cooperate with one another. The Aquarium is imperative here, not just displaying the fleetingness of the world we live in as modernisation impels human ‘advancement’, however indicating how even inside Lowell’s lifetime, the world has changed to the point of being indistinguishable; the fish of his adolescence are gone, and all that is left is the â€Å"bronze weathervane cod† which has â€Å"lost a large portion of its scales†; they have been supplanted by â€Å"yellow dinosaur steamshovels. snorting. behind their cage† and â€Å"giant finned cars†. The substitution of the conscious fish from the Aquarium with these mechanical brutes of the cutting edge period runs corresponding to the previously men tioned degeneration of human instinct, and together they diagram the vanishing of the universe of Lowell’s youth, just as and Colonel Shaw’s lifetime. On an individual level also, at that point, Lowell depicts the change which has come to fruition in the course of his life with incredible negativity. At this individual level, however, there are likewise components of progression inside the diverse time spans which Lowell portrays melancholically. As a youngster he watches the fish behind the glass, as a grown-up he sees the â€Å"drained countenances of younger students rise like balloons† through a TV screen; in the two circumstances he is disappointed by his own helplessness.Lowell additionally presents progression with respect to the way that in spite of the American Civil War was won by the Abolitionists, isolation was as yet existent at the hour of composing; he passes on sicken at the way that while America’s delicate feeling of legacy and culture i s destroyed for the sake of mechanical ‘advancement’ (the steamshovels and vehicles), bigotry remains. The way that the Boston Common carport is geologically near the bronze remembrance for the 54th Massachusetts Volunteers Infantry implies that the connection between the two is defended and established as a general rule, the connection being that in spite of the fact that the carport would recommends progression, it really speaks to a regressive advance for Boston, and the memorial’s place in an America which despite everything incites isolation shows that America is as yet stuck in its biased past. Lowell’s layering of pictures, juxtapositions and equals across different time periods, and the split among authentic and individual, permits the sonnet to be an unpredictable assortment of thoughts adding to a similar focal twin goals concerning imbalance and short life. A â€Å"complex intertwining. of ideas† which signifies esteem, at that point, can be unmistakably recognized in Lowell’s poem.Another highlight of ‘valued’ writing, nearby complex thoughts, is unpredictability in language and word decision. There can be little uncertainty that Lowell has decided to put certain words in specific places in the sonnet, that he is a â€Å"craftsperson. in order of (his) writing†. Indeed, even the initial line, the epigraph â€Å"Relinquunt Omnia Servare Rem Publicam† is an altered variant of the epigraph on the genuine dedication â€Å"Reinquit Omnia Servare Rem Publicam†. Lowell’s alteration turns â€Å"He surrendered all to serve the Republic†, alluding to Colonel Shaw into â€Å"They surrendered all to serve the Republic†, alluding to the whole 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Indeed, even in this minor change, at that point, the focal subjects of racial equity is tended to, just as the valiance of the fighters which is so regularly recognized in Civil War sonnet s. Proof of Lowell’s cognizant choice to choose precise words can likewise be seen by the reiteration of words inside the sonnet, to either strengthen or negate a point recently made. While portraying his experience of the fish at the Aquarium, Lowell composes that his hand â€Å"tingled†, and while depicting the Statehouse when the development works for the carport are happening, Lowell additionally says it is â€Å"tingling†. The previous utilization of the word proposes essentialness and energy, though the last use recommends both the strict and emblematic subverting of law based qualities, of equality.The first line and the second to last line additionally use this redundancy, this time â€Å"Servare† and â€Å"servility†. Here, Shaw’s metro mental fortitude, his honorable barrier of his convictions and his nation, is differentiated against the â€Å"savage servility† of the vehicles. â€Å"Savage servility† is a confusing depiction which features both the distressing, pitiless, asocial nature of current life and the inclination of hazard which Lowell feels goes with this modernisation. The arrangement of these comparing words toward the start and end of the sonnet serve to delineate the change which Lowell endeavors to show the peruser all through the sonnet. A last and more subtle occasion of such redundancy comes, as opposed to toward the start and end of the sonnet, in a solitary sentence: â€Å"on Boylston Street, a business photo/Shows Hiroshima bubbling/over a Mosler Safe†. â€Å"Boylston† and â€Å"boiling† isn't reiteration from an exacting perspective; it is a case of sound similarity. Boylston Street is a significant business community in Boston, thus the greed depicted by the Mosler â€Å"Hiroshima boiling† promotion is plainly reflected by this center point of free enterprise. It is obvious, at that point, that Lowell has shaped the sonnet with a fastidiousness of the most elevated request, giving the sonnet a lot of ‘value’.There is, in any case, an issue with the sonnet regarding esteem. Lowell’s sonnet incorporates cozy insights concerning Boston and the Civil War at the danger of estranging perusers who are curious about either, for example an English peruser with no information on the Civil War or Boston. The English peruser would then need to examination into the Civil War and Boston so as to comprehend the sonnet even at its most essential level. This could imply that the apparent estimation of the sonnet is decreased for this peruser. Michael Foucault surely holds this view, placing that every single scholarly content presentation â€Å"enunciative poverty†, in that they definitely can't pass on full importance or portrayal, and that â€Å"it is pundits themselves. who rehash again and again the message which the content itself neglected to tell†, that these pundits compensate for a poet’s absence of exactness in craft.However, the numbness of the peruser can't reduce the estimation of a sonnet; it is the reader’s obligation to fill in holes in their insight and in this way completely grasp the worth and unpredictability of the sonnet. Foucault likewise questions that the author is in finished control of the composition, contending rather that certain â€Å"literary customs. monetary and scholarly pressures† impact the content. Once more, if Foucault’s set

New Industries in the Caribbean Essay

Caribbean economies from their most punctual times of colonization were basically agrarian based (during bondage). Affordable exercises included animals cultivating and little cultivating done by the laborers. There were additionally exchanging and business which incorporated the foundation of shops, hotels and bars. Enormous manors were worked by a mass of slaves with the chief yield being Sugar Cane. At the point when the colonizers previously went toward the West Indies they fundamentally developed harvests, for example, espresso, cotton, ginger, banana and cocoa predominantly for trade. Anyway during the second 50% of the eighteenth century, these yields lost their similar preferred position to sugar. At the point when sugar encountered its downturn the grower loosened up their fortification over control of the land and some home specialists directed their concentration toward the laborer segment and different enterprises. NEW INDUSTRIES By the start of the twentieth century, the lower class had started to assume a significant job in the broadening of the West Indian economies. The Royal Commissions before the Norman Commission, and the Norman Commissions had made proposals for the advancement of the working class (Curtis: p 32). A significant number of the fare crops suggested by the Norman Commission were at that point being developed by the working class. For these harvests to have more prominent achievement, the working class would require capital for more noteworthy speculation. However, this capital was not approaching. This was because of the way that they had restricted capital, involved little plots of land since they were charged a great deal for these terrains. Also the workers can't deliver at resource level. The dark working class in especially confronted various impediments which remembered the expansion for land costs, ousting from lands, refusal to partition and sell lands and furthermore overwhelming tariffs. The grower the greater part of the occasions sold enormous bits of grounds for lower cost to the whites in contrast with the ex-slaves. Rice, which had been developed before as a means crop in Guyana started to accept significance as a money crop in the late nineteenth century. The relinquishment of sugar development on certain domains made more land accessible, as did the opening up of riverain crown arrives in 1898 on what for some were sensible terms of procurement. By 1900 government intrigue was being directed through the leading group of horticulture ith led analyzes in various rice assortments and provided seed to the cultivators. A progressively objective was to build up a uniform grain size to diminish wastage in the processing procedure and by 1908 this had been considerably accomplished. The entirety of this animated further development so that, though in 1891 the land under rice added up to just 4000 sections of land, there was a ten times increment in the accompanying tw o decades, and by 1917 for each ten sections of land planted in sugar, Guyana, eight sections of land were planted in rice. Extending rice real esatate was joined by the mushrooming of little mils. In 1914 there were 86 of them in presence. They were not really expound structures however they were connected to the huge trade firms in the capital and they controlled producers in the towns through an arrangement of advances. A significant number of the mill operators, in the same way as other huge rice producers were Indians who utilized Indian work, and the proof recommends that ethnicity barely ensured favourble treatment. In 1905 it was sending out to the Caribbean. Rice delighted in impressive success during the main war. In the between war period elective wellsprings of flexibly to the Caribbean showcase evaporated and this gave the principle premise to the consistent development of the business in Guyana. Guyana is by a wide margin the most significant maker of rice in the Commonwealth Caribbean. There were around 20 thousand laborer ranchers in 1952; by 1965 their numbers were accepted to have dramatically increased, arriving at 45 thousand. There were 222 rice processes in 1960 and 199 out of 1970. All were exclusive, aside from two which were possessed and worked by the Rice Development Company. Bananas were first brought into Jamaica in 1516. Anyway the primary fares occurred in 1869 after the downturn of sugar. As the business thrived American organizations came in to deal with the exchange as the workers provided bananas to a US [Boston] banana dealer Lorenzo Dow Baker. Boston Fruit Company later framed to exchange Bananas with Caribbean and Central America which later turned into the United Fruit Company [UFCo]. By 1890 the estimation of Banana sends out surpassed that of sugar and rum, and it held this situation with the exception of a couple of years until the Second World War. By 1937 Jamaica gave twice the same number of stems as some other nation on the planet. It consequently turned into a ranch crop-partnerships and huge business people. Banana before long turned into the chief fares from Jamaica, and Windward Island. Exchanging accomplices additionally changed-Destination was currently USA. During the war the business declined in light of the fact that the boats couldn't be saved to move the item. By the start of the nineteenth century espresso was likewise a significant yield in Jamaica (The Banana creation was done predominantly by the Middle class mulattoes). During the downturn sugar ranchers in Trinidad directed their concentration toward cocoa which was the primary significant fare of the island, and by 1900 it had become the significant fare by and by. It held this situation until 1921 when Ghanaian cocoa started to overwhelm the world market. During that time too cocoa was likewise a significant yield in St. Lucia, St. Kitts and St. Vincent. In the 1930’s citrus, which had been developed in the blasted cocoa territories got significant. So too did Pineapples in the nineteenth century. Moderately little scope ranchers earned money for creation of bananas, espresso, cocoa and pimento for sends out. They likewise delivered tubers, products of the soil for local markets. A generous piece of little cultivating was for resource with generally little surpluses available to be purchased. Bauxite, the travel industry and urban-based assembling and administrations supplanted trade agribusiness as the prevailing divisions of the economy in the post-war time, as the British West Indies sought after a program of â€Å"industrialization-by-invitation† The mineral assets which incorporate bauxite, aluminum, gold and so forth have been created by remote capital and for the fare advertise, to an a lot more noteworthy degree than the fundamental rural items. In Guyana the American-possessed Bauxite industry transported its first heap of metal in 1922. Development was consistent all through the between war period yet it was not until the second war that bauxite turned into a significant power in the economy. The Jamaican bauxite industry was created by American organizations after the subsequent war. Interest for aluminum by the United States military and space programs and by the car and other shopper merchandise businesses made a worthwhile market for bauxite and aluminum. Starting at such in 1957 Jamaica turned into the world’s driving bauxite maker and the primary U. S. provider. The U. S. dollar profit from this new fare financed the import of capital products fabricating enterprises that were set up to deliver for the developing household and local markets. The speculation pattern of the worldwide bauxite mining organizations started beating offs as the time of the 1960s attracted to a nearby. Bauxite and aluminum subsequently supplanted sugar and bananas as the main fare item after the Second World War. In 1964 Jamaican bauxite industry had more than 800 enrolled fabricating foundations including a concrete industrial facility, cigarette production lines, distilleries and packaging plants, extiles, apparel processing plants and plant delivering cleanser, margarine and eatable oil. In February 1967 an understanding was reported between the Jamaican government and an American metal-creation organization to raise an aluminum plant in Jamaica. The oil business in Trinidad and Tobago is the most seasoned mineral industry in the region Caribbean. The principal e ffective well goes back to 1857 however it was not until the main decade of this century that the business was built up. By 1909 the nation was sending out oil and by 1919 five processing plants were in activity. The business is to a great extent claimed and constrained by outsiders. The creation of raw petroleum is for the most part in the hands of four organizations Texaco, Shell, Trinidad Northern Area possessed by Trinidad Tesoro, Shell and Texaco as equivalent accomplices. Anyway by 1980 the legislature had bought every outside activity aside from Amoco. The traveler business was created after the Second World War, and this two is outside claimed and controlled. This industry is a branch of the banana and bauxite industry particularly in Jamaica. The foundation and improvement of the vacationer business were encouraged by motivating force enactment and uncommon organizations. Jamaica passed the Hotels Aid Law, 1944, conceding quickened devaluation recompenses and obligation free importation of materials for the development and outfitting of inns, and the Hotel Incentives Law, 1968, giving expense occasions and different concessions. The Hotel Aids Act went in Barbados in 1967 permits obligation free importation of building materials and gear and awards an expense occasion of ten years. And every one of the three regions set up Tourists Boards to advance and administration the business. As in the other creating parts of the economies, there is a huge extent of remote proprietorship in the traveler business. In 1971 thirty-five percent of the inns in Jamaica were completely outside possessed, 56 percent entirely privately claimed and 9 percent joint endeavors. Remote possession was increasingly articulated in Barbados. Outsiders claimed 61 percent of the limit there: 33 percent was possessed by nationals of the United Kingdom. 16 percent by Canadians and 12 percent by Americans. Barbadians claimed 34 percent, and 5 percent was mutually possessed. Nearby proprietorship was prevailing (80 percent) among the littler foundations which gave 25 percent of the complete limit. Exchange and trade was likewise occurring in numerous spots in the British West Indies too. As indicated by Beckles and Shepherd (1993) â€Å"exp

Battle of Monmouth

June of 1778, General Washington is intending to assault General Sir Henry Clinton and his soldiers as they walk from Philadelphia to New York. Washington sent 5,000 men with Major General Charles Lee to assault the British back watchman. Lee is compelled to withdraw, however Washington is prepared for the British with the principle armed force. At long last the two sides had guaranteed triumph. Close Monmouth County Courthouse, the fight was battled on June 28, 1778. The climate was so hot upon the arrival of the fight that numerous troopers experienced warmth stroke.Many of Washington’s officials supported his arrangements to assault General Clinton, yet Major General Lee was against it. Lee felt that after their union with the French, that they shouldn’t assault the British except if they have overpowering prevalence. Washington chose to send 4,000 men to assault Clintons back gatekeeper, Lee turned down order of the power. After Washington raised the measure of men to 5,000, Lee requested to be provided order. Lee was provided severe requests to hold a gathering to decide the arrangement of assault with his officers.During the gathering, Lee advised the officials to be alert for orders during the fight as opposed to arranging it out. At the point when they experienced the British, Lee immediately lost control. After this the British moved to flank Lee’s men, when Lee saw this he requested a retreat. Washington had been bringing the primary armed force up when he saw Lee’s powers withdrawing. Washington found Lee and excused him after not getting a good answer concerning what had occurred. Washington revitalized Lee’s men and held off the British sufficiently long to set situations in the west. Subsequent to battling till at some point in the late evening, the British retreated.Washington would have liked to seek after however his men were depleted from battling the entire day in the warmth. The Battle of Monmouth was the l ast significant fight battled in the north during the war. After the fight the British had held up in New York and concentrated on the southern states. Lee mentioned a court military to refute his guiltlessness from any doings after the fight. Washington at that point recorded conventional charges against Lee, where he was seen as liable and suspended. During the Battle a lady who was carrying water to American mounted guns men is said to of assumed control over shooting for her better half when he had fallen.

Business-Finance Paper -Read FULL directions Essay

Business-Finance Paper - Read FULL headings - Essay Example As of now the country’s cash, the ruble, had been the most noticeably awful among monetary standards around the globe as far as in general execution for 2014, losing 48 percent of its incentive over the previous year. As of January 20, 2015, the estimation of the ruble was pegged at around $65.2765 in the exchanging markets. Dropping oil incomes and the falling estimation of the ruble is aggravated by dangers from the appraisals offices to lessen Russia’s FICO assessment to garbage, which would additionally build the expenses and dangers of getting for Russia comparative with global money related markets. This would additionally disable the country’s odds of having the option to obtain cash to fund its spending shortfalls. As of now, the nation had been utilizing its dollar stores to prop up the ruble’s esteem, spending around 20 percent of its complete dollar crowd for the reason, with the goal that what had been an imposing store had been decreased to $3 86 billion. The destiny of the stores level of dollars for Russia is attached to the cost of oil, and at $45 a barrel, the nation is required to have the option to back in any event three years of spending shortfalls and eat through about portion of its present dollar saves. With the economy expected to contract in 2015, the test for Russia is to have the option to judiciously utilize its dollar stores to keep the economy above water and the ruble from tumbling off a bluff as far as buying power. The normal spending shortage for 2015 is around two percent of GDP, and the assents on Russia by the west due to the former’s intruding in Ukraine, in addition to the danger of a FICO assessment minimize, all scheme to make it hard for Russia to keep the economy on a level pushing ahead (Andrianova). The circumstance adds up to an approaching monetary emergency for the Russian government, at the end of the day. The shortfall is developing in light of the fact that the oil value drop is by all accounts something that won't right soon. In the mean time, the credit downsize and the authorizations from the Ukraine circumstance implies that

Just To Be Clear We Dont Do Legacy

Just To Be Clear We Don’t Do Legacy A few students pointed me towards this piece in the Wall Street Journal  about whether or not colleges should consider legacy in the admissions process. For those of you not familiar with the practice, legacy admissions means preferring the children of alumni in the admissions process. Why would schools do this? For the money, mostly, because if you make your alumni happy by admitting their kids, they might be more likely to give you money. Advocates of legacy admission, like advocates of development cases, will argue that this makes the school a better place for the rest of the students by allowing them to build great labs and dorms and offer fantastic financial aid and everything else.  Stephen Joel Trachtenberg, former President of GWU, made this case in support of legacy admissions, along with citing certain fringe benefits like bridging the generations by forming a sort of intergenerational club. Meanwhile, Rick  Kahlenberg of the Century Foundation characterized legacy admission as a special privilege for the advantaged. For you to receive legacy preference, it means your parents, and perhaps grandparents, went to a particular college. This means you come from a long line of educated people, who had the advantages of learning, who had the means to go to college in an era before broadly accessible student loans and financial aid. It means you are benefitting from work others have done. Kahlenberg argues that this is fundamentally unfair. Selective college admissions is a zero sum game: every applicant admitted takes a space which could have gone to another student. Preferring a student whose parents attended a college not only takes away a spot from an equal or better student, it specifically takes away a spot from an equal or better student who overcame more by not having the advantages accrued by prior generations. Kahlenberg is exactly right, except for one thing: he mentions MIT as one of the schools that practices legacy admissions, and we do not do anything of the kind. This is something I thought wed been pretty clear about. Mollie blogged about it back in 2006. Our institutional research website says, quite specifically, that alumni relations are not considered. And I can tell you, from having sat on countless committees, that we simply dont care if your parents (or aunt, or grandfather, or third cousin) went to MIT. In fact, one of the things most likely to elicit a gigantic facepalm is when a student namedrops some incredibly attenuated connection because they think it is going to help them get into MIT. So where did this idea come from? After a little academic archaelogy I think Ive figured it out. In an  issue brief written by Kahlenberg, the claim that MIT preferred legacies was cited (at 39) to  An Analytic Survey of Legacy Preference, which appears to be a chapter (written by Bloomberg editor Dan Golden) from Century Foundations  book on legacy admissions. That chapter doesnt actually contain any data, but instead itself cites (at 84) No Distinctions except Those Which Merit Originates: The Unlawfulness of Legacy Preferences in Public and Private Universities, by Shadowen and Tulante, 49 Santa Clara L. Rev. 51 (2009). Here, finally, we hit the bottom of the citation hole, as Shadowen and Tulante, using almost exactly the same language later appropriated by Golden and Kahlenberg, write that We also found data showing that alumni of CalTech, which grants no preferences, donated $71 million in 2007, versus $77 million donated in 2006 by alumni of legacy- granting MIT. (emphasis mine) Here they cite (at 371) the MIT Reports to the President (2005-2006).  But alas: while this report does indeed demonstrate MITs alumni donated $77 million in 2006, it says nothing about legacy admissions. It appears, as best I can tell, that Shadowen and Tulante were misinformed as to whether MIT granted legacy and included the claim in the sentence. When they cited this sentence to the Presidents Report, Golden and Kahlenberg (or their research assistants) must have thought the citation authoritatively described not only the donation numbers but also legacy practices. The idea that MIT granted legacy, in other words, appeared entirely out of thin air during the research and writing process. Its legacy admissions all the way down. As a former law school research assistant (if you couldnt tell) I know these things sometimes happen accidentally. While it is disappointing, I dont have any hard feelings to any of the folks involved. It is, indeed, unusual for a school like MIT to have no preference for legacies.  But one of the things that makes MIT special is the fact that it is meritocratic to its cultural core. In fact, I think if we tried to move towards legacy admissions we might face an alumni revolt. There is only one way into (and out of) MIT, and thats the hard way. The people here value that. I want to reiterate that I agree wholeheartedly with everything Mr. Kahlenberg said about why legacy admissions are bad. I personally would not work for a college which had legacy admission because I am not interested in simply reproducing a multigenerational lineage of educated elite. And if anyone in our office ever advocated for a mediocre applicant on the basis of their excellent pedigree they would be kicked out of the committee room. So to be clear: if you got into MIT, its because you got into MIT. Simple as that.

Weighted Average Number Of Common Shares Outstanding Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

To begin with, earnings figure is revenues  minus  cost of sales,  operating expenses, and  taxes, over a given  period  of time.  Earnings  are the reason  corporations  exist, and are often the  single  most important determinant of a  stocks  price. Earnings are important to  investors  because they give an indication of the  companys past and  expected  future  dividends  and its potential  for  growth  and  capital appreciation.  However, depending only on the earnings figure to estimate and predict the companys future is problematic. Because, it only shows the exact and real earnings figure in the past, but it is not a 100% accurate guarantee for well-being of the company in the future. There is no guarantee that if this year the company made 10 million profit, in the next year it will make the same or higher profit. Earnings per share and Price-Earnings ratio are two important types of earnings figure that investors will pay much attention when making the investment decision. Earnings per share (EPS) of a business is a portion its profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. It tells us the net profitability of a business, and shows the portion of a businesss profit that is allocated to each share of the business. For instance, if you have 1000 shares, the EPS number can show you, what your amount of share of the profit from the business is. In calculating EPS we have to subtract any dividends paid to investors, because that amount of money is distributed among shareholders and investors. We use the formula below to calculate Earnings per Share. Earnings per Share (EPS) = Net Income ? Dividends on Preferred Shares Weighted Average Numb er of Common Shares Outstanding Next, Price-Earnings ratio (P/E) is the most popular method to measure of the cost of a stock and investors use this method widely. Basically, Price-Earnings of a stock shows us how much investors are ready to pay per dollar of earnings. In another words, a P/E ratio of 40 this means that investors in the stock are ready to pay $40 for each $1 of earning that the business generates. We use the formula bellow to calculate P/E ratio: C:UsersHoangAnhDesktopprice-to-earnings-formula.gif Source: https://www.theoptionsguide.com/price-to-earnings-ratio.aspx Generally, a low P/E is defined a sign that a stock may be undervalued or it is expected by investors to have a poor future earnings. On the contrary, a P/E with a high ratio indicates an over-valued stock, or investors expect a significant increase in earnings. The interest fact is that usually investors tend to buy a stock with a low P/E ratio rather buying the one with a high ration, because t hey will get more earning for their money. Earning only tells the story what the company did so far, but not what the company is going to do in the future. Definitely, the past earnings are important; however the potential future earnings figure is also important. This is important as if investors want to invest effectively and profitably, they would like to be sure that the companys earnings will increase in the future or at least wont drop. For example, we need to know if any new product is coming out or not. Like, Apple, it produces new iPhone every 6 months, so it can meet consumers changing demands, therefore the earnings potential will be growing. Another example proving that earnings are the past information of the company and mostly helps to estimate only the company in the past is Nokia Company. In 2009 they were the biggest phone company and had 49% of the market share which is huge; they almost dominated the market and had the huge earning statistics. Who could have t hought that such a successful company with a gigantic earnings figure, in 2012 will have only 8% of market share and the earnings figure has dropped and keeps dropping significantly. This happened because they do not produce many new and innovative products. They kept and keep producing old-fashioned phones with old technologies and do not change the product line to meet the fast changing demand of consumers and trends of the market. Their past earnings figures are still high, however the present earnings figures are very low, and the future figures, apparently will be dropping. That is why the investors do not always estimate the companys future based only on earning figures; they take other factors into consideration. That is why the financial reporting is changing to meet the investors requirements. Changing Financial Reporting Firstly, financial reporting is written records of a businesss financial situation. They include standard reports like the balance sheet, income or profit and loss statements, and cash flow statement. It is one of the most basic components of business information; it helps to communicate to external parties (such as investors, creditors, suppliers and etc.) about financial position of the company. In the past investors based only on financial ratios provided by the company to estimate the companys financial position and its potential growth. However, as mentioned before financial ratio talks only about the past figures, but this may not be repeated in the future. Nowadays, the market is very competitive, the world is a market, you may be in your country market, and companies from other country can come into your market. Hence, to be profitable and competitive you must know more information, besides the financial ratio. Before investing, investors will likely watch the financial ratio and also non-financial statement of the company. They might want to know about information on the state of the economy, industry and competitive considerations, market forces, technological change, and the quality of management and the workforce are not directly reflected in a companys financial statements. One of popular non-financial reporting is SWOT analysis. It examines the strength and weakness, opportunity and thread of the company. SWOT analysis shows to investors the objective of the company or project and identifies the internal and external factors that are favourable and unfavourable to achieve that objective. Strengths: characteristics of the company or team that give it an advantage over others in the industry Weakness: characteristics of the company that put it in disadvantage in comparison to others Opportunities: external chances that allow the company to increase sales or profit Threats: external factors that can cause trouble to the company C:UsersHoangAnhDesktopswot_img2.gif Source: https://zeldor.biz/2011/01/swot-analysis/ Investors will look if the company is using its strengths to take advantage of market opportunities, and if they can identify and work on weakness that might slow down their ability to take advantage of those opportunities. Another important factor that investors are keen to watch closely is how the company is aware of its threads, how they use their strength to eliminate the potential threads or at least manage to minimise them. Additionally, investors also care about if the company can work to define the weakness that may increase the criticality of threats. C:UsersHoangAnhDesktopSWOT-Analysis.jpg Source: https://www.easy-marketing-strategies.com/swot-analysis.html Here is an example of SWOT Analysis, in this case we analysise Apple Company. The smart and experienced investors are likely to analyse the financial statements and also will use other non-financial statements, such as this SWOT analysis into consideration before making a decision about whether they should invest in Apple company or not. Conclusion In this assignment we have defined 3 parts of financial statements and its importance as a source of information for investors. Additionally, we have discussed two types of performance measures that investors pay much of attention to makes investment decisions: Traditional methods and Modern Approaches. In the last part we investigated why emphasizing only on earnings figures are problematic and discussed how financial reporting is changing to meet investors requirements, providing an example of non-financial reporting SWOT Analysis.